Lecture 12:
Contemporary Issues: Climate Change, Sovereignty, and Politics

PowerPoint Presentation (pdf)

 

Weekly Readings:

Rob Huebert, Climate Change and Canadian Sovereignty in the Northwest Passage Isuma (Winter 2001), 86-94. http://www.isuma.net/v02n04/huebert/huebert_e.shtml

Franklyn Griffiths, “The Shipping News: Canada’s Arctic Sovereignty Not on Thinning Ice,” International Journal 58/2 (Spring 2003), 257-282. [ProQuest]

Graham Ashford, Jennifer Castleden. Inuit Observations on Climate Change - Final Report. International Institute for Sustainable Development, 2001. http://www.iisd.org/pdf/inuit_final_report.pdf

Optional Reading: Arctic Climate Impact Assessment (ACIA) final report.

 

Further Reading

 

General Overviews

Coates, Ken, Whitney Lackenbauer, William Morrison and Greg Poelzer. Arctic Front: Defending Canada’s Interests in the Far North. Toronto: Thomas Allen, 2008.

Elliot-Meisel, Elizabeth B. Arctic Diplomacy: Canada and the United States in the Northwest Passage. New York: Peter Lang, 1998.

Elliot-Meisel, E.B.  “Still unresolved after fifty years: the Northwest Passage in Canadian-American relations, 1946-1998,” The American Review of Canadian Studies 29/3 (Fall 1999): 407-430.

Eyre, Kenneth C.  “Custos Borealis: The Military in the Canadian North.” Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, University of London - King’s College, 1981.

Eyre, Kenneth C.  “Forty Years of Military Activity in the Canadian North, 1947-87,” Arctic 40/4 (December 1987): 292-99.

Grant, Shelagh. Polar Imperative. Vancouver: Douglas and McIntyre, 2010.

Lackenbauer, P. Whitney and Matthew Farish. “The Cold War on Canadian Soil: Militarizing a Northern Environment.” Environmental History 12, no. 3 (2007): 920-50.

Lajeunesse, Adam. “The True North As Long As It’s Free: The Canadian Policy Deficit 1945-1985.” Unpublished M.A. thesis, University of Calgary, 2007.

Morrison, William R. “Eagle Over the Arctic: Americans in the Canadian North, 1867-1985,” Canadian Review of American Studies (Spring 1987): 61-85.

Purver, Ron.  “The Arctic in Canadian Security Policy, 1945 to the Present,” in Canada’s International Security Policy, eds. David B. Dewitt and David Leyton-Brown.  Scarborough, ON: Prentice-Hall, 1995: 81-110.

Whittington, Michael.  The North.  Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1985.

Wonders, W.C., ed.  Canada’s Changing North, rev. ed. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 2003.

 

Introductions to the North and Ideas of “Nordicity”

Abel, K. M. and K. Coates. Northern Visions: New Perspectives on the North in Canadian History. Peterborough: Broadview Press, 2001.

Abele, Frances. “Canadian Contradictions: Forty Years of Northern Political Development,” Arctic 40/4 (December 1987): 310-320.

Bone, Robert.  The Geography of the Canadian North: Issues and Challenges. Toronto: Oxford, 1992.

Brody, Hugh, Maps and Dreams.  Vancouver: Douglas & McIntyre, 1981.

Brody, Hugh. The Living Arctic.  Vancouver: Douglas and McIntyre, 1987.

Coates, Kenneth S. and William R. Morrison. The Forgotten North. Toronto: James Lorimer, 1992.

Coates, Kenneth S. and William R. Morrison. “The New North in Canadian History and Historiography,” History Compass 6/2 (2008): 639-58.

Dickerson, Mark.  Whose North? Political Change, Political Development, and Self-Government in the Northwest Territories.  Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 1992.

Duffy, R. Quinn. The Road to Nunavut: The Progress of Eastern Arctic Inuit since the Second World War. Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 1988.

Grace, Sherrill. Canada and the idea of north. Montreal, McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2001.

Hamelin, L.-E. Canadian Nordicity: It’s Your North Too.  trans. W. Barr.  Montreal: Harvest House, 1978.

Hamilton, John D. Arctic Revolution: Social Change in the Northwest Territories, 1935-1994. Toronto: Dundurn Press, 1994.

Lopez, Barry.  Arctic Dreams: Imagination and Desire in a Northern Landscape. New York:  Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1986.

McGhee, Robert. The Last Imaginary Place: A Human History of the Arctic World. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2005. 

 

International Law

Bankes, Nigel D.  “Forty Years of Canadian Sovereignty Assertion in the Arctic, 1947-87,” Arctic 40/4 (December 1987): 292-99.

McDorman, Theodore. Salt Water Neighbours: International Ocean Law Relations Between the United States and Canada. New York: Oxford University Press, 2009.

Pharand, Donat. The Law of the Sea of the Arctic with Special Reference to Canada. Ottawa: University of Ottawa Press, 1973.

Pharand, Donat. Canada’s Arctic Waters in International Law. Cambridge: Cambridge University, 1988.

Rothwell, Donald R.  The Polar Regions and the Development of International Law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996.

 

The Mulroney Years

Berger, Thomas R., ed. The Arctic: Choices for Peace and Security. Vancouver, Gordon Soules, 1989.

Briggs, Philip J. “The Polar Sea Voyage and the Northwest Passage Dispute.” Armed Forces & Society 16, no. 3 (1990): 437-52.

Caldwell, Nathanial F.  Arctic Leverage: Canadian Sovereignty and Security.  New York: Praeger, 1990.

Dosman, Edgar, ed. Sovereignty and Security in the Arctic. London: Routledge, 1989.

Griffiths, Franklyn, ed.  Politics of the Northwest Passage.  Kingston & Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 1987.

Griffiths, Franklyn.  Arctic Alternatives: Civility or Militarism in the Circumpolar North?  Toronto: Science for Peace/Samuel Stevens, 1992.

Honderich, John. Arctic Imperative: Is Canada Losing the North? Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1987.

Huebert, Rob. “Steel, Ice and Decision-Making: The Voyage of the Polar Sea and its Aftermath.” Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Dalhousie University, 1994.

Huebert, Rob. “A Northern Foreign Policy: The Politics of Ad Hocery,” in Diplomatic Departures: The Conservative Era in Canadian Foreign Policy, 1984-93 ed. N. Michaud and K.R. Nossal. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 2001: 84-112.

Jull, Peter.  Canada, Arctic Peoples, and International Affairs.  Behind the Headlines 45/6 (July/August 1988).

Kirkey, Christopher. “Smoothing Troubled Waters: The 1988 Canada-United States Arctic Co-operation Agreement,” International Journal 50 (1995): 401-426.

Kirkey, Christopher. “The Canadian-American Bargaining Relationship in the North: Explaining Interstate Bargaining Outcomes.” Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Brandeis University, 1993.

Larson, David L. “United States Interests in the Arctic Region.” Ocean Development and International Law 20 (1989): 167-91.

McMahon, Kevin. Arctic Twilight: Reflections on the Destiny of Canada’s Northern Land and People. Toronto: Lorimer, 1988.

McRae, Donald M. and D.J. Goundrey. “Environmental Jurisdiction in the Arctic Waters: The Extent of Article 234.” UBC Law Review 16, no. 2 (1982): 197-228.

Pullen, Thomas C. “What Price Canadian Sovereignty?” U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings 113, no. 9 (1987): 66-72.

Rothwell, Donald. Maritime Boundaries and Resource Development: Options for the Beaufort Sea. Calgary: Canadian Institute of Resources Law, 1988.

 

The 1990s

Canada. House of Commons Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs and International Trade. Canada and the Circumpolar World: Meeting the Challenges of Cooperation into the Twenty-First Century. April 1997.

Canada. Government Response to Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs and International Trade Report “Canada and the Circumpolar World: Meeting the Challenges of Cooperation Into the Twenty-First Century. 1998.

Canada. Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade. The Northern Dimension of Canada’s Foreign Policy. 2000.

Griffiths, Franklyn, ed. Arctic Alternatives: Civility or Militarism in the Circumpolar North. Toronto: Science for Peace/Samuel Stevens, 1992.

Huebert, Rob. “New Directions in Circumpolar Cooperation: Canada, the Arctic Environmental Protection Strategy, and the Arctic Council,” Canadian Foreign Policy 5/2 (1998): 37-58.

Huebert, Rob. “Canadian Arctic Security Issues: Transformation in the Post-Cold War Era,” International Journal 54/2 (1999): 203-229.

Jockel, Joseph T. Security to the North. Canada-U.S. Defence Relationships in the 1990s. East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 1991.

McRae, Donald M. “Arctic Sovereignty: Loss by Dereliction?” Northern Perspectives [Canadian Arctic Resources Committee] 22/4 (1994-95).

Young, Oran R. Arctic Politics: Conflict and Cooperation in the Circumpolar North. Hanover: University Press of New England, 1992.

Young, Oran R. Creating Regimes: Arctic Accords and International Governance. Cornell University Press, 1998.

 

The Twenty-First Century

Arnold, Samantha. “Nelvana of the North: Traditional Knowledge and the Mythical Function of Canadian Foreign Policy,” Canadian Foreign Policy 14 (2008): 95-108.

Arctic Climate Impact Assessment (ACIA). Impacts of a Warming Arctic: ACIA Overview Report. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004. http://amap.no/acia/.

Borgerson, Scott G. “Arctic Meltdown: The Economic and Security Implications of Global Warming.” Foreign Affairs (March/April 2008): 63-77.

Byers, Michael. Intent for a Nation: What is Canada For? Vancouver: Douglas and McIntyre, 2007.

Byers, Michael. Who Owns the Arctic? Vancouver: Douglas and McIntyre, 2009.

Carnaghan, Matthew and Allison Goody. Canadian Arctic Sovereignty. Ottawa:Library of
Parliament, 2006. www2.parl.gc.ca/Content/LOP/ResearchPublications/prb0561-e.htm.

Charron, Andrea. “The Northwest Passage: Is Canada’s Sovereignty Floating Away?”
International Journal 60 (2005): 831-848.

Charron, Andrea. “The Northwest Passage Shipping Channel: Sovereignty First and
Foremost and Sovereignty to the Side,” Journal of Military and Strategic Studies 7/4 (2005).

Cotter, Captain (Navy) Jamie. “Developing a Coherent Plan to deal with Canada’s Conundrum in the Northwest Passage,” Journal of Military and Strategic Studies 11/3 (Spring 2009): 1-48.

Dittmann, Major Paul. “In Defence of Defence: Canadian Arctic Sovereignty and Security.” Journal of Military and Strategic Studies 11/3 (Spring 2009): 1-77.

Griffiths, Franklyn. “Canadian Arctic Sovereignty: Time to Take Yes for an Answer on the Northwest Passage.” in Northern Exposure: Peoples, Powers and Prospects for Canada’s North. Edited by Frances Abele, Thomas J. Courchene, F. Leslie Seidle and France St-Hilaire. Ottawa: Institute for Research on Public Policy, 2009.

Griffiths, Franklyn. Towards a Canadian Arctic Strategy. Foreign Policy for Canada no.1. : Canadian International Council, June 2009.

Griffiths, Franklyn, Rob Huebert, and P. Whitney Lackenbauer. Canada and the Changing Arctic: Sovereignty, Security and Stewardship.  Waterloo: Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 2011.

Haftendorn, Helga. “Arctic Policy for Canada’s Tomorrow,” International Journal 64/4 (2009): 1139-46.

Huebert, Rob. “The Shipping News Part II: How Canada’s Arctic Sovereignty is on thinning ice.” International Journal 58, no. 3 (2003): 295-308.

Huebert, Rob. “Renaissance in Canadian Arctic security?” Canadian Military Journal 6, no. 4 (2005-06): 17-29.

Huebert, Rob. “Canadian Arctic Maritime Security: The Return to Canada’s Third Ocean.” Canadian Military Journal 8 no. 2 (2007): 9-16.

Huebert, Rob. “Canadian Arctic Security: Preparing for a Changing Future.” Behind the Headlines 65 no. 4 (2008): 14-21.

Huebert, Rob. “Walking and Talking Independence in the Canadian North,” in An Independent Foreign Policy for Canada? Challenges and Choices for the Future ed. Brian Bow and Patrick Lennox. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2008: 118-134.

Huebert, Rob. “Canada and the Changing International Arctic: At the Crossroads of Cooperation and Conflict,” in Northern Exposure: Peoples, Powers and Prospects for Canada’s North, ed. Frances Abele, Thomas J. Courchene, F. Leslie Seidle and France St-Hilaire. Ottawa: Institute for Research on Public Policy, 2009.

Huebert, Rob. Canadian Arctic Sovereignty and Security in a Transforming Circumpolar World. Foreign Policy for Canada’s Tomorrow no.4. Toronto: Canadian International Council, July 2009.

Huebert, Rob, ed.  Thawing Ice -- Cold War: Canada’s Security, Sovereignty and Environmental Concerns in the Arctic. Winnipeg: University of Manitoba, Bison Paper No. 12, 2009.

Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami (ITK). An Integrated Arctic Strategy. January 2008. http://www.itk.ca/sites/default/files/Integrated-Arctic-Stratgey.pdf.

ITK and Inuit Circumpolar Council (ICC) (Canada). Building Inuit Nunaat: The Inuit Action Plan. 2006. http://www.itk.ca/sites/default/files/Inuit-Action-Plan.pdf.

Koivurova, Timo and David Vanderzwaag. “The Arctic Council at 10 Years: Retrospect and Prospects.” UBC Law Review 40, no. 1 (2008): 121-94.

Kraska, James. “The Law of the Sea Convention and the Northwest Passage.” International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law 22, no. 2 (2007): 257-81.

Lackenbauer, P. Whitney. “The Canadian Rangers: A Postmodern Militia That Works.” Canadian Military Journal 6/4 (Winter 2005-06): 49-60.

Lackenbauer, P. Whitney. From Polar Race to Polar Saga: An Integrated Strategy for Canada and the Circumpolar World. Foreign Policy for Canada’s Tomorrow No. 3. Toronto: Canadian International Council, July 2009.

Lalonde, Suzanne. “Arctic Waters: Cooperation or Conflict?” Behind the Headlines 65, no. 4 (2008): 8-14.

Loukacheva, Natalia. The Arctic Promise: Legal and Political Autonomy ofGreenland and Nunavut.  Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2007.

MacDonald, Brian, ed. Defence Requirements for Canada’s Arctic. Vimy Paper 2007. Ottawa: Conference of Defence Associates, 2007

McDorman, Ted. “Canada-United State Bilateral Ocean Law Relations in the Arctic,” Southwestern Journal of International Law 5 (2009): 283-300.

McRae, D.M. “Arctic Sovereignty: What is at Stake?,” Behind the Headlines 64/1 (2007).

Nord, Douglas. “Canada as a Northern Nation: Finding a Role for the Arctic Council,” in Handbook of Canadian Foreign Policy ed. Patrick James, Nelson Michaud and Marc O’Reilley. Lanham: Lexington, 2006: 289-316.

Okalik, Paul. “Arctic Priorities: A Northern Perspective.” Behind the Headlines 65, no. 4 (2008): 3-8.

Pharand, Donat. “Arctic Waters and the Northwest Passage: A Final Revisit,” Ocean Development and International Law 38/1&2 (January 2007): 3-69.

Wilson, Gary N. “Inuit Diplomacy in the Circumpolar North.” Canadian Foreign Policy 13, no. 3 (2007): 65-80.

Young, Oran R. “Governing the Arctic: From Cold War Theatre to Mosaic of Cooperation,” Global Governance 11 (2005): 9-15.

Young, Oran R. “Whither the Arctic 2009? Further developments,” Polar Record 45 (2009): 179-81.

Yukon, Northwest Territories, and Nunavut Governments. A Northern Vision: A Stronger North and a Better Canada. 2007. http://www.anorthernvision.ca/.